Simulation of the RPL Routing Protocol for IPv6 Sensor Networks: two cases studies

International audienceThe routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) was recently designed in the ROLL working group at IETF. Few simulation tools exist that enable its evaluation in order to prepare for its real deployment. In this paper, we provide a new evaluation of this protocol with two approaches using two different simulators adapted to our needs. We first evaluated the value of mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks to extend the network lifetime using a sensor network simulator, WSNet, augmented by our own RPL module. We then focus on the performance comparison of simulated sensor networks and real powerline communication networks (PLC) using the RPL capable COOJA simulator augmented by our own PLC module. In each case, we justify the simulator choice, describe the tools implemented and present the obtained results. Our studies give two new RPL evaluations and show the interest of choosing a simulation tool adapted to the targeted study with the associated software developments. As a conclusion, we demonstrated how these two case studies can be combined in a heterogeneous network architecture to extend its global lifetime

Heterogeneous PLC-RF networking for LLNs

Session Posters & DemosInternational audienceDans le contexte de l' évolution de l'automatisation des maisons, des bâtiments et des villes, notre vision des futures infrastructures de communication place le réseau CPL comme le point central. Grâce à la convergence des couches réseau autour d'IPv6, nous montrons que l'intégration du CPL avec les réseaux de capteurs sans fil est possible même dans des dispositifs très contraints pour offrir une augmentation significative de leur durée de vie, de leur fiabilité et de leurs capacités de routage

PLC sensor IPv6 networking interoperabe with WSN

International audienceTechnology evolution have made possible to connect all kind of devices to IP network. This becomes an evident objective for sensors networks research. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using IPv6 for sensor networks connected through powerline communication (PLC) non-wireless mediums and demonstrate possible interoperability. Our work is based on the adaptation of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard protocol. It is constrained by the low-power, lossy and low data-rate context of powerline transceiver that uses pulse modulation. Our aim is to provide interoperability features regarding others mediums with a robust and reliable communication stack for smart metering, home control or home area networks applications. This document propose the first adaptation of the IEEE 802.15.4 commons standard on PLC medium. Following this standard interface, we demonstrate the possibility to carry out data on PLC with great reliability, and low power energy requirement using our WPCTMphysical layer (standing for Watt Pulse Communication (WPC)). Relying on this adaptation, we then focus on the convergence of the IPv6 protocol at the network level, with the 6LoWPAN adaptation. We also present our initial implementation of the RPL setup and routing protocol. This allows for a full network layer stack and results in efficient routing in our low power, low data-rate and lossy network context. Thus, we finally demonstrate interoperability with a real testbed between powerline and wireless sensor networks running IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN/IPv6/RPL stacks. We conclude about the interest of such interoperability for the real usage of sensor networks with a feedback from field's applications deployment and our future work

Heterogeneous IPv6 Infrastructure for Smart Energy Efficient Building

International audienceIn the context of increasing developments of home, building and city automation, the Power Line Communication (PLC) networking medium is called for unpreceeding usage. Our view of the future building networking infrastructure places PLC as the central point. We show in this paper that even if Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) are good candidates in several cases of the sensor and actuator networking infrastructure, PLC is mandatory in several place of the smart-grid metering and command infrastructure. Also PLC will serve the infrastructure on the sensor/actuator side when the energy requirement cannot be fulfilled by autonomous battery and capacitor based nodes. PLC may provide the numerous bridges necessary to sustain a long lifetime (years) for the WSN infrastructures. This new role of PLC networking will be possible only if the inter-operability between all media and technology is made possible. Thanks to the design of converging IPv6 networking layers, we show that full inter-operability is already possible even in very tiny constrained networking devices. Moreover, low energy PLC, will be able to provide smart grid monitoring without impacting the overall energy balance

Poster Abstract: Interconnecting Low-Power Wireless and Power-Line Communications using IPv6

Wireless sensor networks for building automation and energy management has made great progress in recent years, but the inherent indoor radio range limitations can make communication unpredictable and system deployments difficult. Low-power radio can be combined with low-power Power-Line Communication (PLC) to extend the range and predictability of indoor communication for building management and automation systems. We take the first steps towards exploring the system implications for integration of low-power wireless and PLC in the same network. We leverage IPv6, which allow networks to exist over multiple physical communication media as well as the RPL routing protocol for low-power lossy networks

The presence of four iron-containing superoxide dismutase isozymes in Trypanosomatidae : characterization, subcellular localization, and phylogenetic origin in Trypanosoma brucei

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Free Radical Biology and Medicine 40 (2006): 210-225, doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.021.Metalloenzymes such as the superoxide dismutases (SODs) form part of a defense mechanism that helps protect obligate and facultative aerobic organisms from oxygen toxicity and damage. Here, we report the presence in the trypanosomatid genomes of four SOD genes: soda, sodb1 and sodb2 and a newly identified sodc. All four genes of Trypanosoma brucei have been cloned (Tbsods), sequenced and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and shown to encode active dimeric FeSOD isozymes. Homology modelling of the structures of all four enzymes using available X-ray crystal structures of homologs showed that the four TbSOD structures were nearly identical. Subcellular localization using GFP-fusion proteins in procyclic insect trypomastigotes shows that TbSODB1 is mainly cytosolic, with a minor glycosomal component, TbSODB2 is mainly glycosomal with some activity in the cytosol and TbSODA and TbSODC are both mitochondrial isozymes. Phylogenetic studies of all available trypanosomatid SODs and 106 dimeric FeSODs and closely related cambialistic dimeric SOD sequences suggest that the trypanosomatid SODs have all been acquired by more than one event of horizontal gene transfer, followed by events of gene duplication.This work was supported by Interuniversity Attraction Pole programme of the Belgian Government P5/29 (to F.R.O.), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the Institut Pasteur de Lille, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (to E.V.). F.D. was supported by a grant from the Ministère Français de l’Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie. D.G. was supported by an ICP postdoctoral fellowship

802.15.4, a MAC layer solution for PLC

International audienceTechnology evolution have made possible to connect all kind of devices to IP network. This becomes an evident objective for sensors networks research. The IETF 6LoWPAN RFC proposal was developed in that sense to use the benefit of IPV6 over wirelessly connected sensors (WSN). The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer stack being popular in the domain of wireless sensors within constrained resources, a few 6LoWPAN adaptations already exist. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using IPv6 for sensor networks connected through powerline communication (PLC) non-wireless mediums and demonstrate possible interoperability. This document propose the first adaptation of the IEEE 802.15.4 commons standard on PLC medium. Following this standard interface, we demonstrate the possibility to carry out data on PLC with great reliability, and low power energy requirement using our WPCTMphysical layer (called Watt Pulse Communication (WPC)). This al- lows to benefit from the development of WSN research for PLC communication networks. Moreover, such a IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN communication stack provides a generic communication standard for heterogeneous sensors networks. Thus, we finally demonstrate interoperability with tests between powerline and wireless sensor networks running IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN stacks

Heterogeneous IPv6 Infrastructure for Smart Energy Efficient Building

International audienceIn the context of increasing developments of home, building and city automation, the Power Line Communication (PLC) networking medium is called for unpreceeding usage. Our view of the future building networking infrastructure places PLC as the central point. We show in this paper that even if Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) are good candidates in several cases of the sensor and actuator networking infrastructure, PLC is mandatory in several place of the smart-grid metering and command infrastructure. Also PLC will serve the infrastructure on the sensor/actuator side when the energy requirement cannot be fulfilled by autonomous battery and capacitor based nodes. PLC may provide the numerous bridges necessary to sustain a long lifetime (years) for the WSN infrastructures. This new role of PLC networking will be possible only if the inter-operability between all media and technology is made possible. Thanks to the design of converging IPv6 networking layers, we show that full inter-operability is already possible even in very tiny constrained networking devices. Moreover, low energy PLC, will be able to provide smart grid monitoring without impacting the overall energy balance

IPv6 Heterogeneous Networking Infrastructure for Energy Efficient Building

International audienceno abstrac